By: Dr. Avi Verma

‘Shapeshifting’ cells could be the missing link in aggressive cancer spread

A new discovery about how bowel cancer cells behave could prove crucial in the ongoing battle against one of the most prevalent cancers in the world. Researchers from the Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre and the University of Edinburgh have identified a phenomenon known as “cellular plasticity” as a major factor in how some bowel cancers spread aggressively.

Bowel cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In the United States alone, the American Cancer Societyestimates approximately 152,000 new cases of colorectal cancer will be diagnosed in 2025, with a rising number of patients under 50.

The study, recently published in the journal Nature, explains that some cancer cells can “shapeshift”—losing their original identity and taking on the characteristics of other types of cells, particularly squamous cells, which are commonly found in the skin and muscle.

Why ‘cellular plasticity’ matters

The researchers found that in the most aggressive cases of bowel cancer, tumor cells lose their colonic identity and begin to resemble squamous cells. These cells are tougher, more resilient, and better able to spread to other organs such as the liver, lymph nodes, and diaphragm.

Lead investigator Dr. Patrizia Cammareri explained:

“Skin cells can tolerate much harsher day-to-day conditions due to their external position. Bowel cancer cells may be mimicking them to become more robust and invasive.”

One of the genetic clues identified in this process is the absence of the ATRX gene. This gene is already known to be associated with higher cancer risk, but researchers now believe it may also encourage this shapeshifting behavior in tumor cells.

Implications for future treatment

Although this discovery does not directly translate into a new treatment yet, it represents a major step forward in understanding the mechanisms of metastasis—the process by which cancer spreads from one part of the body to another.

Dr. Kevin Myant, co-author of the study, remarked:

“With more and more younger people being diagnosed with bowel cancer, it’s vital we understand how this disease grows and spreads. This finding could be pivotal in stopping aggressive cancer from advancing and improving patient outcomes.”

Research suggests that therapies targeting cellular plasticity may help prevent cancer from becoming metastatic, potentially improving survival rates.

Global context and rising concern

Bowel cancer is the third most common cancer globally, with over 1.9 million new cases diagnosed in 2020, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). A troubling trend has been the rising incidence among adults under 50, often presenting at later stages and with more aggressive forms.

Early detection remains critical. Regular screening, especially for individuals over 45 or with a family history of colorectal cancer, is key to reducing mortality.

Disclaimer:

The information provided in this article is for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your physician or qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.