A major UK-based review has found that young people who use e-cigarettes face higher health risks and are more likely to later take up cigarette smoking.

The umbrella review, conducted by the University of York and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, analyzed 56 systematic reviews covering 384 studies worldwide. It revealed a strong link between youth vaping and future cigarette use, with young vapers smoking more frequently and intensely later in life.

Published in Tobacco Control, the study also highlighted health dangers, including asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, substance abuse, lowered sperm counts, dizziness, migraines, depression, and even suicidal thoughts.

The findings coincide with Britain’s recent ban on disposable vapes, including non-nicotine versions, as authorities try to tackle the surge in vaping among children aged 11–15. NHS data shows nearly a quarter of children in this age group have tried vaping, with almost one in ten using vapes regularly.

Additional research from University College London (UCL) found long-term vaping has sharply increased among young adults, with 22.7% of 18-year-olds vaping compared to 4.3% of those aged 65. While e-cigarettes are promoted by the NHS as a less harmful alternative to smoking, health experts warn they are “not completely risk-free.”