By: Ashwani Mahajan

The concept of live-in relationships, also known as cohabitation, has become an increasingly debated subject in modern India. While some view it as a natural extension of personal freedom and individual choice, others regard it as a deviation from traditional Indian values. The question remains: Is living in a relationship truly a social evil, or is it simply a misunderstood evolution of society?

Cultural context and traditional outlook

In India, marriage is traditionally regarded as a sacred institution, deeply rooted in religious, social, and familial values. Most Indian families, especially in conservative and rural areas, emphasize marital commitment and view marriage as the only legitimate platform for a couple to live together. As a result, live-in relationships often carry a social stigma and are seen by many as immoral or unacceptable. This stigma can lead to ostracism, family conflict, and societal rejection.

Legal recognition and constitutional perspective

Despite social resistance, the Supreme Court of India has acknowledged the legitimacy of live-in relationships. The Court has ruled that such arrangements fall under the ambit of the right to life and personal liberty, as enshrined in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. The judiciary has clarified that consensual adult relationships are not illegal, and in certain cases, couples living together for a prolonged period may be considered akin to married under law.

However, full legal protections—such as those concerning inheritance, property rights, or maintenance—remain underdeveloped. While the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) does provide limited security for women in live-in relationships, many rights still hinge on judicial interpretation and are not codified comprehensively in Indian law.

Rise of individual autonomy

In recent years, Indian society—particularly in urban areas—has witnessed a growing emphasis on personal freedom, autonomy, and choice. Influenced in part by globalization, education, and exposure to Western cultures, young Indians are increasingly exploring alternative lifestyles that prioritize compatibility, understanding, and emotional connection over formal legal binding.

For many, cohabitation offers a practical and emotional testing ground before entering the responsibilities of marriage. It reflects a shift from rigid social frameworks to more flexible, individual-centric values.

Global comparison: India vs. Western societies

In many Western countries—such as the United States, Canada, and much of Europe—live-in relationships are commonplace and widely recognized by law. Governments often provide legal protections in areas like taxation, inheritance, healthcare access, and parental rights. These societies tend to adopt liberal and individualistic approaches, allowing adults to make personal relationship choices without state or societal interference.

India, in contrast, is still transitioning between traditional collectivism and modern individualism. The lack of clear legislation and societal acceptance results in ambiguity and stress for many couples who choose this path.

The real challenges

Couples in live-in relationships in India may face:

• Social stigma and community backlash
• Parental and familial pressure to marry
• Legal ambiguity regarding property, custody, and separation
• Lack of formal financial and social security protections

Despite these hurdles, it is important to note that living in a relationship is not a criminal act, nor is it inherently a social evil. It is simply a lifestyle choice—one that is slowly gaining visibility and, in some pockets of society, acceptance.

Conclusion: Evolution, not evil

Labeling live-in relationships as a social evil oversimplifies a deeply nuanced and evolving issue. While cultural traditions must be respected, it is equally vital to recognize that societies grow and transform with time. The right to choose how and with whom one lives is a fundamental human liberty.

As India continues to modernize and urbanize, the outlook towards live-in relationships is also likely to shift. With thoughtful legislation, awareness, and dialogue, the balance between tradition and modernity can be achieved—where respect for cultural values coexists with the right to personal choice.

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy, position, or endorsement of The IndoUS Tribune, its management, or editorial team. This article is intended to encourage thoughtful discussion on evolving social issues.