Measles resurgence in the U.S.: Largest outbreak in six years raises public health concerns

By: Dr. Avi Verma

The United States is currently experiencing a significant resurgence of measles, marking one of the largest outbreaks in recent years. As of March 11, 2025, over 250 cases have been confirmed across several states, with Texas and New Mexico being the most affected. Tragically, this outbreak has resulted in two fatalities: an unvaccinated child in Texas and an unvaccinated adult in New Mexico. 

Measles overview

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can remain viable in the air for up to two hours, making it exceptionally easy to contract in enclosed spaces. Symptoms typically appear 10 to 12 days after exposure and include:

• High fever
• Cough
• Runny nose
• Red, watery eyes
• A characteristic red rash that usually starts on the face and then spreads downward

Complications can be severe, especially in young children and individuals with weakened immune systems, leading to pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death.

Causes of the current outbreak

Measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000, thanks to widespread vaccination efforts. However, the current resurgence can be attributed to several factors:

1. Declining vaccination rates: Nationally, vaccination rates have fallen below the 95% threshold necessary to maintain herd immunity. This decline has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which disrupted routine immunization schedules. 
2. Vaccine hesitancy: Misinformation and skepticism about vaccine safety have led some communities to opt out of immunizations. Notably, Gaines County, Texas, has one of the highest rates of vaccine exemptions in the country, with nearly 14% of children missing required vaccines in the previous school year. 
3. Under-vaccinated communities: The outbreak has been concentrated in areas with low vaccination coverage, including certain Mennonite communities in Texas and New Mexico, where cultural beliefs contribute to lower immunization rates. 

Prevention and control measures

There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles; management focuses on supportive care to alleviate symptoms and address complications. The most effective prevention strategy is vaccination with the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is approximately 97% effective after two doses. 

To mitigate the current outbreak and prevent future ones, public health officials recommend:

• Ensuring high vaccination coverage: Maintaining vaccination rates above 95% is crucial to achieving herd immunity and preventing the spread of the virus.
• Addressing vaccine hesitancy: Educational campaigns are needed to combat misinformation and emphasize the safety and efficacy of vaccines.
• Monitoring and rapid response: Healthcare providers should remain vigilant for early signs of measles to implement prompt isolation and control measures.

The current measles outbreak underscores the importance of vaccination and the need for continuous public health efforts to maintain high immunization rates. Communities must work together to protect vulnerable populations and prevent the re-emergence of preventable diseases.

Disclaimer (On behalf of IndoUS Tribune):

The information provided in this article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Readers are encouraged to consult healthcare professionals for personal medical concerns. The IndoUS Tribune strives for accuracy and relies on verified data from health authorities; however, information may evolve as new developments arise. The views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the IndoUS Tribune or its editorial board.