Ovarian Cancer: Understanding treatment options, risk factors, and early detection

By: Dr Avi Verma

Ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal cancers affecting women’s reproductive systems. However, it is important to note that early detection significantly improves survival rates. When ovarian cancer is diagnosed early, the five-year survival rate is an impressive 92%. Unfortunately, when the cancer is detected after it has spread, the survival rate dramatically drops to 30%. This stark contrast highlights the importance of early detection and timely treatment. By understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options available, women can take proactive steps toward protecting their health.

Who’s at Risk for Ovarian Cancer?

While there is no surefire way to predict who will develop ovarian cancer, there are several risk factors that have been identified by researchers. Understanding these risk factors can help women assess their own personal risk and seek appropriate medical advice.

1. Age: The risk of ovarian cancer increases with age. About half of all ovarian cancer cases are diagnosed in women aged 63 and older. As women age, their chances of developing ovarian cancer rise significantly.
2. Obesity: Women with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher are considered obese. Studies have shown that obesity may increase the risk of ovarian cancer compared to women with a lower BMI.
3. Family History: A family history of ovarian cancer can elevate a woman’s risk. If a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) has had ovarian cancer, the risk increases. Women with multiple relatives who have had ovarian cancer, particularly on the father’s side, are at a higher risk. A family history of breast or colorectal cancer can also increase the likelihood of ovarian cancer, particularly if these relatives carry mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, which are strongly linked to both breast and ovarian cancers.
4. Personal History of Other Cancers: Women who have had colorectal, uterine, or breast cancer may have an elevated risk of developing ovarian cancer. Having a history of one of these cancers can make a woman more susceptible to ovarian cancer.
5. Pregnancy: Women who delay having their first full-term pregnancy until after the age of 35, or those who have never had children, face a higher risk. Interestingly, the more children a woman has, the lower her risk for ovarian cancer. Breastfeeding is also believed to lower the risk of ovarian cancer.
6. Medications: Estrogen-only hormone therapy after menopause has been linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Women who are considering hormone replacement therapy should discuss the potential risks with their healthcare providers.

While these factors may increase a woman’s risk, it is crucial to remember that ovarian cancer can affect anyone. Therefore, it is important for all women, regardless of risk factors, to be aware of the warning signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer.

Know the Warning Signs of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is often called a “silent killer” because its symptoms can be vague and easily overlooked. Many women may experience symptoms that seem unrelated to cancer, which is why early detection is challenging. However, recognizing the following signs and symptoms can help women seek medical advice before the disease advances:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding: Any unexpected or unexplained vaginal bleeding should be investigated by a doctor.
• Back pain: Persistent back pain, especially when accompanied by other symptoms, may indicate ovarian cancer.
• Belly swelling and weight loss: Unexplained weight loss coupled with bloating or abdominal swelling is a red flag.
• Changes in bowel or urinary habits: These might include diarrhea, constipation, or frequent urination.
• Fatigue: A feeling of extreme tiredness that does not go away even with rest could be a sign.
• Early satiety: Feeling full quickly when eating, even after eating small amounts, may be indicative of ovarian cancer.
• Pain during intercourse: This may be a sign that cancer has affected the pelvic region.
• Stomach discomfort: This can include pain, bloating, or pressure in the stomach area.

If any of these symptoms persist for more than two weeks or are unusual for you, it’s crucial to seek medical advice. Early diagnosis is the key to improving outcomes, as the treatment is more effective when cancer is caught at an early stage.

Ovarian Cancer Treatment Options

Treatment for ovarian cancer typically involves a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. However, other treatment options, such as targeted therapies, may also be part of the treatment plan, depending on the stage of cancer and individual patient needs.

1. Surgery: Surgery is often the first step in treating ovarian cancer. During the procedure, the surgeon will remove the cancerous tissue, which may involve removing one or both ovaries, the fallopian tubes, and other surrounding tissues. The extent of surgery will depend on the stage of cancer and the woman’s overall health.
2. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is the most common treatment for ovarian cancer and is often used in conjunction with surgery. Chemotherapy drugs work by killing fast-growing cancer cells. These medications can be administered in various ways, including through pills or intravenously. Chemotherapy can also help shrink the tumor before surgery or kill any remaining cancer cells afterward.
3. Targeted Therapies: Targeted therapies are designed to specifically target cancer cells without harming surrounding healthy tissue. These treatments can slow or stop the growth of cancer cells and are often used in conjunction with chemotherapy. Targeted therapy may be recommended based on the genetic profile of the cancer. Genetic testing can help doctors determine which targeted therapy will be most effective.
4. Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a promising treatment for ovarian cancer that works by stimulating the immune system to fight cancer cells. Although this treatment is still being researched, it has shown promise in some patients.
5. Hormonal Therapy: Hormonal therapy may be used in certain cases, particularly if the cancer is hormone-sensitive. This type of therapy works by blocking or altering hormones that may contribute to the growth of ovarian cancer.

The Role of the Medical Team

The treatment of ovarian cancer involves a multidisciplinary team of medical professionals. Different specialists will provide care, depending on the stage of cancer and the treatment required. The following specialists are typically involved in the treatment of ovarian cancer:

• Gynecologic Oncologists: These specialists are doctors who are trained to treat cancers of the female reproductive system. They perform surgeries and administer chemotherapy.
• Surgeons: Surgeons specialize in performing the necessary surgeries to remove cancerous tissue and may be involved in other procedures as well.
• Medical Oncologists: Medical oncologists specialize in treating cancer with medications such as chemotherapy and targeted therapies. They work with other specialists to create a comprehensive treatment plan for the patient.

Conclusion

Ovarian cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease, but when caught early, it is treatable. Understanding the risk factors and being aware of the warning signs can help women take proactive steps in managing their health. If you experience any unusual symptoms or have concerns about ovarian cancer, don’t hesitate to consult with your healthcare provider. With a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, many women are successfully treated for ovarian cancer and can go on to live healthy, fulfilling lives.