By Dr. Avi Verma

Uterine fibroids are a common cause of pelvic pain and discomfort. These benign (noncancerous) growths in the uterus affect many women, though they often go unnoticed. While fibroids rarely develop into cancer, they can lead to significant health concerns, including heavy menstrual bleeding, prolonged periods, and even fertility issues.

This article explores the different types of uterine fibroids, potential causes, symptoms, and available treatment options.

What are uterine fibroids?

Uterine fibroids are smooth, muscular tumors that develop in or around the uterus. Many women develop fibroids at some point in their lives, though most do not experience symptoms. Fibroids can vary in size, from microscopic to large masses that cause noticeable swelling in the abdomen.

Types of uterine fibroids

Fibroids are classified based on their location in the uterus:

• Intramural fibroids: Found within the muscular wall of the uterus.
• Subserosal fibroids: Develop on the outer surface of the uterus (serosa).
• Submucosal fibroids: Grow in the middle muscle layer (myometrium).

Causes and risk factors

The exact cause of uterine fibroids remains unclear, but several factors contribute to their development:

• Hormonal Influence: Estrogen and progesterone, which regulate the menstrual cycle, promote fibroid growth.
• Genetics: A family history of fibroids increases the likelihood of developing them.
• Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, vitamin D deficiency, alcohol consumption, and a diet high in red meat may contribute to fibroid growth.
• Pregnancy: Increased hormone levels during pregnancy can cause fibroids to grow, though some shrink after childbirth.

Symptoms of uterine fibroids

While many women with fibroids experience no symptoms, others may develop:

• Heavy menstrual bleeding
• Prolonged periods lasting more than a week
• Pelvic pain or pressure
• Bloating and constipation
• Cramps, backaches, or leg pain
• Painful intercourse

In some cases, fibroids can contribute to infertility or complications during pregnancy. Women experiencing difficulty conceiving may consider a medical evaluation to determine if fibroids are a factor.

Treatment options

Treatment depends on the size, number, and severity of symptoms. Options may include:

• Watchful Waiting: Small, asymptomatic fibroids may not require immediate treatment.
• Medications: Hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and other medications can help manage symptoms.
• Minimally Invasive Surgery: Robotic-assisted fibroid removal allows for precise excision with a shorter recovery time.
• Other Procedures: Uterine artery embolization and MRI-guided focused ultrasound can shrink fibroids.

Diagnosis and next steps

Women experiencing persistent pelvic pain, heavy bleeding, or fertility concerns should consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis. A routine pelvic exam, ultrasound, or MRI can help determine the presence and severity of fibroids.

Raising awareness about uterine fibroids empowers women to make informed health decisions. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can significantly improve quality of life.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment options.